A Dolls House Externalizing Inner Problems Essay Example For Students

A Dolls House Externalizing Inner Problems Essay When composing A Dolls House, Ibsen had arranged it to be a reasonable play. To do this, he should depict the familiar discourse of regular day to day existence, and superfluous monologs must be forestalled. Subsequently, Ibsen cunningly utilizes certain images in his play to externalize the characters internal musings. All through the entire play, the characters activities and words regularly convey a certain significance, and inconspicuously reflect what they are thinking. This strategy is as of now clear toward the beginning of the play, even with minor or apparently unimportant circumstances. Little activities can educate the crowd all the more regarding each character. For instance, when Torvald was addressing Nora about squandering and obtaining cash, she heads toward the oven, expressing, Very well, Torvald, on the off chance that you say as much. This clearly shows Nora is moping, mirroring her silly character. This activity is again utilized when Krogstad comes to see her significant other, however for an alternate explanation. Nora : You? What's going on here? For what reason would you like to see my better half? Krogstad: Bank business as it were. I have a little post at the Savings Bank, and I hear your significant other is to be our new Manager Nora: So its just Krogstad: Only dull authority business, Mrs. Helmer; nothing else whatever. Nora: Well, Youll discover him in his investigation. For this situation, Nora taking care of the oven recommends her attempting to quiet down and sift through her contemplations. Krogstads appearance clearly frightens her, and her uneasiness is uncovered when she addresses him rigidly and in a soft tone. She likewise appears to be increasingly mitigated when she finds that it is Only dull authority business. Her eased words So its just and Krogstads overabundance confirmation nothing else whatever, stirs doubt of their relationship, and the chance of them having some other mystery business with one another. This is uncovered before long, when Krogstad visits again however this time demands seeing her. Nora, with a smothered cry she turns and half ascents, at that point, tense and attentive, questioned, You need to see me? This again mirrors her tension at his essence, and may even recommend that she is scared of him. Likewise, during Krogstads visit to the Helmer home, Mrs Linde gives a beginning, at that point, gathering herself, dismisses to the window. This proposes Mrs. Lindes acknowledgment of Krogstad, and that they have had a past affiliation, which maybe is somewhat confused, seeing that Mrs. Linde dismisses to either, stay away from him, as well as clear her considerations. Mrs. Linde had likewise shown this activity already in the play, when she was examining her existence with Nora, and Nora recommended that Mrs. Linde go on a vacation to unwind in the wake of having labored for a long time. Mrs Linde : I havent a dad to pay my toll, Nora; this delineates her desire and hatred at Nora, who as far as anyone knows had a dad to back her vacation outing to Italy. After Krogstads danger of uncovering her wrongdoing of fraud, Nora has since been anxious, regularly showing her trepidation in the play. Nora : What drivel! Attempting to terrify me like that! Im not extremely senseless. Be that as it may No, it isnt conceivable I did it for adoration! Nora No! Helena present to me the tree, kindly No! Its basically impractical! Noras tumult is obviously shown here. Toward the start, the demonstration of hurling her head recommends Nora attempting to certainly guarantee herself that she isn't terrified by Krogstads danger by any stretch of the imagination. At that point she attempts to occupy herself from her considerations by being occupied, first endeavoring to clean the childrens garments, at that point her embroidery, lastly the Christmas tree. Her consistent absence of center and unexpected upheavals displays her astounded perspective. She again attempts to promise herself that everything will be okay, murmuring to herself we will have an exquisite tree Ill do all the things you like, Torvald, Ill sing and move. To keep her fabrication from being uncovered, Nora endeavors to fulfill Krogstads requests, to convince Torvald to permit Krogstad to keep up his situation at the bank. .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .postImageUrl , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:hover , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:visited , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:active { border:0!important; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:active , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u64b29b6722197 b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Commentary-Where the Sidewalk closes) EssayNora attempts to coax Torvald into a positive mind-set first, assuming the job of a defenseless lady and requesting his assistance in thoughts for the ensemble party, in the interim shyly stroking his hair. After Torvald goes along, Nora: Oh that is pleasant of you! How beautiful these red blossoms look This activity shows Nora attempting to brainstorm of an approach to convince Torvald, and she cleverly raises the subject once more, Tell me about this Krogstad was it actually so terrible, what he did? Then again, this inquiry may likewise be somewhat posed for her own benefit, since both her and Krogstads wrongdoings were fraud. She again by implication argues her own motivation, Mighnt he have done it from desperate need? trusting that her great thought processes in the imitation may reduce the importance of her wrongdoing. When Torvald guaranteed that the indecency of a parent can harm and degenerate the youngsters, Nora gets much progressively uncomfortable, and this is featured when she draws nearer behind him and solicits, Are you sure of that?

World Ciz Essay Chapter One Free Essays

Farming Agriculture was found by an occurrence of a disposed of refuse which conveyed seeds that later was found of a sort plant which projected from the beginning rubbish was tossed. The section makes reference to that it was presumably a lady that discarded the rubbish and later found the marvel of the plant that developed from the seed days after the fact. It was from this revelation that later fuel the idea of farming, which inevitably arrived at numerous pieces of the world all through the coming years. We will compose a custom exposition test on World Ciz Essay Chapter One or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Agribusiness developed In size, yet numerous advances from this exchange were found and utilized not exclusively to Improve and Increase the size of developing food from seeds, yet It lead to different roads of designing. In any case, In another disclosure and advances, there are disservices and difficulties experienced. Various clans all through the various nations defeated a large number of these difficulties, yet there were those that needed to change their approach or migrate. A portion of the significant changes and advances investigated were: the capacity for seeds to recreate into plants and food, which these fields must be gone to all together o look after fruitfulness, this thus lead to settlements and the idea of possessing property, at that point other new innovations were created to satisfy new needs, for example, stockpiling compartments and devices for preparing and developing food. All through the world agribusiness lead individuals to lasting settlements, while Increasing the yield and making food surpluses. The people group of individuals before long found that they stockpiling, for example, ceramics for putting away food collected, metal laborers who additionally had specific jobs. The advances that lead from the revelation of farming lead to individuals not going furious and individuals had the option to choose a specific property for a while. Some culture found various frameworks to develop their harvests and fields, which lead to give significant supplements that made better yields. One of these frameworks referenced were the â€Å"three sister†. This disclosure permitted three kinds of yields to developed inside a similar field, which the underlying foundations of each plant thus, created supplements for the maize seeds. This sort framework is known to assemble to make a healthfully complete feast. Additionally, with the revelation of different apparatuses, homes and better helter were made for families to settle and live so as to take care of the fields and reap their yields. This helped the network in better day to day environments and thusly made what was known as the principal towns. The outcomes of this headway adversely was that cultivating was not any more secure than tracker gatherer Jobs in addition to had a heavier remaining task at hand. Because of the ecological mileage of their bodies, just as their eating regimens were not differing they experienced a great deal of ailments which lead to them biting the dust at youthful ages. The constructive outcomes of cultivating would be individuals started to figured out how to take better are of themselves by delivering huge measures of food from plants and it was at an agreeable scope of their compass. Additionally, the individuals around them create different courses in nourishment and devices with prompted a progressively evolved society. The test people looked because of agribusiness advancement would be sharing the land decently and equally. Here and there a rancher would perceive how another rancher can develop more natural product or vegetables or conceivable wheat, and in the end they would need to remove a portion of that land so they themselves will have the option to develop better food. With the improvement of government set up people had the option to beat this a be increasingly sorted out with what land individuals possessed and furthermore partition it decently. Taking everything into account, agribusiness has certainly had a significant job in the public eye improvement. Without it who realizes to what extent it would have taken for governments and different rules that are in put today which have made the establishment for things, for example, lawfulness. As referenced, obviously improvement of anything accompanied difficulties which individuals needed to turn out to be increasingly different from their perspective so as to beat these difficulties. With such assorted variety comes both positive and negative outcomes. The most effective method to refer to World Ciz Essay Chapter One, Essays

Current Situation Essay Example for Free

Current Situation Essay Tien Tzuo was the main procedure official at Salesforce.com and K.V. Rao was head of key promoting and business advancement at WebEx. Both Tien Tzuo and K.V. Rao dealt with building their particular charging arrangements that was a major obstruction to numerous SaaS organizations. When understood this is a tremendous unaddressed issue for SaaS organizations, they saw this a chance to misuse this new web based business specialty in the SaaS Industry, in this way making Zuora. Cheng Zhou, the head of Bliss went along with them and they had the option to acquire . 5 million beginning up speculation from Benchmark, an investment organization, and Benioff, Tien Tzuo’s previous chief, the originator of Salesforce.com Analysis of Zuora Inc as a business Tien Tzuo and K.V. Rao established Zuora to address the requirement for charging productivity. They know that there’s an expansion in items being offered as a membership administration (for example Netflix offering a month to month membership for a library of shows and motion pictures, Zipcar offering a pay more only as costs arise utility that wipes out the need to purchase vehicles and so forth). Their vision is to give an online business stage that gives a minimal effort, cutting edge and profoundly proficient charging frameworks. Prior to the dispatch of their charging module, they tried their program to 5 alpha clients. Their criticism caused Zuora to make an installment module that handles installments, and marked an organization contract with PayPal. With their dispatch in October 2008, their Z-charging item offered to more than 70 clients. In January 2010, Zuora discharged another item, Z-trade, a charging stage pointed towards cloud engineers What isn't right? Zuora right now faces the accompanying dangers: †¢The ascent of Cloud Computing †¢Offline Subscription of Zuora’s current administrations offered by their rivals, for example, ATT or Zipcar †¢Given the steady change in the market elements of the innovation business, Zuora must have the option to ‘quick think’ of chances so as to fortify its present situation as a significant player in the SaaS Industry What is the effect? †¢The ascent of Cloud Computing oZuora shouldn’t be considering Cloud Computing as a danger on the grounds that the IT business had not yet obviously characterized what job distributed computing will play. oCloud Computing is invaluable to Zuora in light of the fact that all cloud administrations required a charging and installment arrangements and Zuora, with its cutting edge, exceptionally proficient and ease charging stage, can separate itself with the rest in the Saas Industry by joining its foundation with distributed computing †¢Offline Subscription offered by ATT or Zipcar oWith the disconnected membership offered by ATT or Zipcar, they despite everything present a weakness since estimating for administrations was more muddled than evaluating for items particularly when time measurement was presented. Accordingly, with disconnected membership of charging and installment, presenting another evaluating for membership frameworks could take up to 6 to a year and cost a huge number of dollars †¢The steady change in the market elements of innovation industry

The Business Structure Of Commercial Television - 901 Words

Desperate Advertisers Call for Desperate Measures Check out the boobs over here, the television beckons from the other side of the room. With all the choices available on television today, television distributors are desperate to gain the attention of audiences. In order to get advertising revenue televisions shows tap into some of our basic desires to gain our attention and loyalty. Depending on the viewer, these tactics could be having a negative impact on the viewer beyond the original intent of the content. The business structure of commercial television in America leads to the use of sexual content to increase audiences. Relationships between the television advertisers and distributors drive producers of television programs to create content that will attract an audience. Television advertisers have a product to sell and use television to broadcast commercials to attract and inform viewers about their products. The advertisers must purchase air time from television distributors in order to have access to the audience they desire. Mittell argues that â€Å"most creators of television do not enter the industry to make money, as the creative side of the industry is highly risky and unlikely to produce wealth†(Mittell, 95). Even with this argument, Mittell acknowledges that money is a factor in the creation of television programs, even if the goal is unrealized. Television content creators cannot help but be motivated and influenced by the advertisers and distributorsShow MoreRelatedAmusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman1180 Words   |  5 Pages Neil Postman writes, Amusing Ourselves to Death to address a television-based epistemology pollutes public communication and its surrounding landscape, not that it pollutes everything. The book was produced in 1984 in a time where television was an emerging epidemic and other forms of communication that today have taken flight, didn’t exist. 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Technology Has Changed Our Lives - 1387 Words

Intro There have been many advances in technology from the creation of the telephones, to flip phones, to smartphones and even the computer; technology has increased our ability to communicate more easily and sufficiently. Although technology has greatly impacted our lives in a positive manner, and has made a way of communication much more easier, it also has negative effects that today have made individuals more lazy by the day. Although we have the answer to almost any question right at our fingertips, the increased amount of technology today has caused us to become glued to our smartphones. Alongside these technological advances, cars have also enabled more efficient transportation. Television and the world wide web have provided†¦show more content†¦Thesis Although, technological inventions have drastically improved our way of life making everything easily accessible, it has also negatively affected today’s society, such as with social interactions, health, as wel l as the environment. Pros and Cons of Technology Pros With technology, you can, but are limited to creating job opportunities and helping others find work in a more easy, accessible manner, rather than walking around, looking through newspapers, and asking around if there are any jobs available with their expertise. With the newly improved technology all you have to do is go on google and type in a keyword and you will get tons of different results. Things can be done instantly with the power of the internet. All of these improvements have majorly affected the world’s economy. Technology has greatly improved the way we communicate in these past years. We are able to make out of country calls to our relatives in an instance. We are also able to facetime our peers who live across the world, or even in different states. Staying in contact with others has been getting easier day by day. Back in the day when we didn t have instant messaging, or snapchat, or instagram, we wouldn t be able to see what our friends were up to, and now w ith newly technological advances we are able to see where our long lost high school friend is up to. Technology has also helped us get a better understanding of others cultures by alerting

criminology in kenya - 3603 Words

AFRICA NAZARENE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY ASSIGMENT EMILE DURKHEIM (1958-1971) VIEWED INEQUALITY AS A NATURAL AND INEVITABLE HUMAN CODITION THAT IS ASSOCAITED WITH SOCIAL MALADIES SUCH AS CRIME UNLESS THERE IS . EXPLAIN AN ASSET DURKHEIMS THEORY ON CRIME AND CRIME CAUSATION. STUDENT ID NO :12S01ALLB009 NAME : WACHIRA ANNE WANGUI DATE DUE :8/4/2014 [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] TABLE OF CONTENTS.INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 OVERVIEW DURKHEIM’S THEORY ON CRIME†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2-3 DISCUSSION†¦show more content†¦There is, then, no phenomenon that represents more indisputably all the symptoms of normality, since it appears closely connected with the conditions of all collective life. ...We must not say that an action shocks the conscience collective because it is criminal, but rather that it is criminal because it shocks the conscience collective. We do not condemn it because it is a crime, but it is a crime because we condemn it. Contrary to current ideas, the criminal no longer seems a totally unsociable being, a sort of parasitic element, a strange and inassimilable body, introduced into the midst of society. On the contrary, he plays a definite role in social life. Crime, for its part, must no longer be conceived as an evil that cannot be too much suppressed. Because they are found in the consciousness of every individual, the infraction which has been committed arouses the same indignation in those who witness it or who learn of its existence. Everybody is attacked; consequently, everybody opposes the attack. Not only is the reaction general, but it is collective, which is not the same thing. It is not produced in an isolated manner in each individual, but it is total, unified response, even if it varies according to the case. We have only to notice what happens, particularly in a small town, when some moral scandal has just occurred. Men stop each other on the street, they visit each other, they seek to come together to talk ofShow MoreRelatedtheories of crime2411 Words   |  10 PagesConclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 INTRODUCTION The crime rate is on the rise in Kenya some theories try to define these rising criminality in Kenya. Anomie theory and differential association theory best explain the rising criminality in Kenya like for example in Kenya many individuals are law abiding citizens this is according to Edwin Sutherland differential association theory. His theory gives priority to the power of socialRead MoreCritical Study of Strict Implementation of Parole in Kenya2896 Words   |  12 Pages CRITICAL STUDY OF STRICT IMPLIMENTATION OF PAROLE IN KENYA Research Paper 1 Module II RESEARCH PROPOSAL Contents INRODUCTION History of Parole The source of parole is linked to the work of numerous people who headed penitentiaries; they include Brockway Zebulon in the entire year 1867, Alexander Maconochie in the year 1840 and Walter Crofton in the year 1854, Brockway Zebulon run the Elmira penitentiary in the New York whileRead MoreElephants : Sub Sahara Africa1719 Words   |  7 Pagesbut, however, it has not been fully eradicated which has led to the elephant population to be endangered today. The population distribution of elephants is patchier where the savannah elephants are mostly found in high densities found in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Zambia, Tanzania and South Africa. â€Å"Since 1979, African elephants have lost over 50% of their range and this, along with massive poaching for ivory and trophies over the decades, has seen the population drop significantly† (Endangered species). InRead More Community Based Corrections: Viable Alternative to Incarceration1679 Words   |  7 Pagescleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2011/06/ ohio_gov_john_kasich_signs_sen.html Gendreau, P., Andrews, D. (1990). Tertiary prevention: What the meta-analyses of the offender treatment literature tell us about â€Å"what works.† Canadian Journal of Criminology, 32 (1), 173-184. Honarvar, B. (2010). â€Å"Lawbreakers to taxpayers BREAKOUTS WITH JUSTICEPARTY2.0530: Many states are considering alternatives to incarceration. 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Multiple countries surveyed fit the overall pattern, including theRead MoreCommunication: Meaning of Life and Words1571 Words   |  7 Pages KENYA INSTITUTE OF STUDIES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE NAIROBI CAMPUS COURSE: DIPLOMA IN CRIMINOLOGY/DLM MODULE: COMMUNICATION TASK 1: EXPLAIN HOW WORDS CAN DICTATE PREJUDICE AND PERCEPTION NAME: DENNIS OKODOI OJUMA ADMISSION NUMBER: 8034 TRAINERS NAME: JACINTA WARINGA DATE SUBMITTED:1/02/2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 How words dictate prejudice and perception†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3,4,5,6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 INTRODUCTION The words weRead MoreCrime Mapping : Using Gis And Geographic Information Systems Of University Of Nairobi4473 Words   |  18 PagesCRIME MAPPING IN KENYA: USING GIS TO EXAMINE CRIME SITUATION IN ELDORET METROPOLIS By CAROLINE JEPKEMBOI CHEPLONG A RESEARCH CONCEPT NOTE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFIMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI JULY, 2015 ABSTRACT Technological advancements such as Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) and the Internet have made it easier and affordable to share information, which enables complex and time sensitive decisionsRead MoreList Of Abbreviations And Abbreviations10695 Words   |  43 Pagesto guarantee your safety, thwart another attack or prevent another bloodbath from occurring in your cities†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Curtis, 2014) Officially recognized as the Federal Republic of Somalia, Somalia is located within the Horn of Africa bordering Ethiopia, Kenya and the Indian Ocean to the West, Southwest and East respectively. Within the African continent, Somali is the top country with the longest coastline. It has a population of about 10million respectively .The official languages spoken in Somalia are

Monetary Policy (5418 words) Essay Example For Students

Monetary Policy (5418 words) Essay Monetary PolicyInternational Dimensions to U.S. Monetary PolicyExecutive SummaryFederal Reserve monetary policy has traditionally focused on the domestic economy. Over time, however, a number of significant trends have underscored the potential importance of the international dimensions of contemporary monetary policy. Such trends include the following: ? Financial markets continue to become increasingly integrated internationally; capital is evermore mobile. ? The U.S. dollar continues to remain the worlds principal international currency despite evolving exchange rate arrangements. ? Official and unofficial dollarization has continued in several emerging market economies. These trends suggest that monetary policy may have differing transmission mechanisms increasingly involving international variables than was earlier the case. In addition to these trends, empirical evidence recently has accumulated showing that changes in U.S. monetary policy can significantly impact emerging mark et economies in a number of ways. For example, changes in U.S. monetary policy can (1) dominate capital flows in emerging market economies, (2) be associated with financial crises in these countries, and (3) significantly impact interest rates and financial markets in emerging economies under differing exchange rate arrangements. Furthermore, experience shows that the Federal Reserve can successfully assume international lender-of-last-resort responsibilities and stabilize world financial markets in situations of international liquidity crises. The Federal Reserve should increasingly recognize these international considerations when conducting monetary policy. International Dimensions to U.S. Monetary PolicyI. IntroductionTraditionally, Federal Reserve monetary policy has focused on the domestic economy. Although international factors have not been ignored, they have been subordinate to domestic concerns. International concerns are rarely important rationale influencing Federal Rese rve monetary policy decisions; further, the global impacts of U.S. monetary policy decisions seldom receive much attention from monetary officials. Recent trends and developments, however, suggest this domestic orientation may not be entirely satisfactory for U.S. monetary policy. There is a growing recognition of the fact that financial capital is increasingly mobile, and financial markets are evermore globally integrated. At the same time, varying degrees of dollarization have occurred in several emerging market economies and the dollar remains the worlds principal international currency despite evolving developments in exchange rate arrangements. These considerations have a number of important implications for U.S. monetary policy. For example, they help to explain why changes in U.S. monetary policy can have increasingly potent effects on emerging market economies that should be recognized and why the Federal Reserves implicit international lender-of-last-resort (LOLR) responsib ilities are so important.1 These international considerations can be taken into account by anchoring prices with a price stabilization policy goal and using key market price indicators as policy guides. After briefly describing these evolving circumstances namely, increased capital mobility, dollarization, and the international role of the dollar this paper briefly reviews the evidence suggesting that changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy have implications for both emerging markets and the global economy. Implications for the Federal Reserves international LOLR role are highlighted and some recommendations for monetary policy are outlined. Recent Trends and Developments ? Increasing Financial Integration and Growing Capital Mobility. Clearly, one important trend of recent years is increasing international financial integration and growing capital mobility.2 Most economists now recognize the inexorable trend toward globalization or growing international integration of financia l markets and increasing capital mobility. Empirical results, for example, increasingly provide evidence of growing capital mobility. In particular, data on capital flows as well as interest rate differentials indicate that a growing degree of capital market integration or increased capital mobility has occurred since the 1970s.3 The U.S. economy, along with most other economies, is more open. Many experts believe these trends are largely inevitable and irreversible, partly because they are being driven by communications and informational technological change and partly because policymakers increasingly recognize the many compelling benefits of regulatory changes that foster financial integration.4 Accordingly, a growing consensus among economists is that there is no turning back: i.e., that capital mobility is here to stay.5 There are a number of important implications of this increased international financial integration. This more open environment, for example, implies that chang es in monetary policy involve a somewhat different transmission mechanism. In particular, the more integrated the economy, the more quickly and substantially do divergent policies affect financial markets and capital flows. And the foreign exchange rate may play an increasingly important role in transmitting changes in monetary policy to the macroeconomy. Accordingly, exchange rate movements potentially may contain more useful information about changes in monetary policy than in previous, more closed (less integrated) circumstances. ? Clarification of the policy trilemmaThese altered conditions of increased capital mobility also place important constraints on monetary policy, commonly referred to as the policy trilemma. As Obstfeld ably describes it: The limitations that open capital markets place on exchange rates and monetary policy are summed up by the ideas of the inconsistent trinity or ?the open- economy trilemma that is, a country cannot simultaneously maintain fixed exchange rates and open capital markets while pursuing a monetary policy oriented toward domestic goals. Governments may choose only two of the above.6 If capital mobility is, indeed, an irreversible given, the policy choices circumscribed by the above trilemma are increasingly limited. In particular, policy choices are now between flexible exchange rate/domestic policy goal (e.g., inflation targeting) regimes and fixed exchange rate/without domestic goal regimes.7 If policymakers fix the exchange rate, they lose control of the interest rate; if they peg the interest rate they cant control the exchange rate. In starker terms, capital mobility confronts national authorities with a decision over controlling either interest rates or exchange rates.8 Some authors suggest that in recent years, the choice has moved mostly in favor of the flexible exchange rates/domestic policy alternative: i.e., mostly in favor of controlling interest rates rather than exchange rates.9 The U.S. has evolved into such a regime: namely, a de facto informal inflation targeting position.10 For most countries, this result may be due in part to considerations of political economy; contemporary political forces may mandate that domestic policy goals be given attention.11 Nonetheless, the trend does underscore the constraints brought to bear on policy choices by increased capital mobility. ? The Continued International Currency Role of the DollarAnother important trend relates to the continued international currency role of the U.S. dollar. Despite the collapse of the dollar-based Bretton Woods (fixed exchange rate) system and the move to more flexible exchange rate arrangements, the dollar continues to be used as the principal international currency. As Robert Mundell has aptly stated: Flexible exchange rates did not dispense with the need for international reserves or end the dominant role of the dollar. In one sense the dollar became more important than ever. The need for an international unit o f account for purposes of international trade and finance was just as great as ever, and the increased uncertainty associated with flexible exchange rates increased, rather than eliminated the need for international reserve assets? The dollar remained the principal international monetary reserve (in the 1980s and 1990s). The enhanced role of the dollar under flexible exchange rates was reflected in the rapid expansions of dollar reserves which has more than kept pace with the growth of trade?12 More specifically, the dollar continues to provide the principal functions of an international money and thereby remains the dominant international key, vehicle, and reserve currency. This fact has been documented by several recent studies .13 The continued use of international currency suggests there remains an important demand for the services of international currency: i.e., continued demand for a money for other monies. Given this existing global demand, important responsibilities accrue to the supplier of this principal global currency, the Federal Reserve. In particular, if the supplier of international reserve currency pays attention to changes in its demand and, accordingly, adjusts supply to match changes in the demand for international currency, global stability may be promoted. This suggests that the Federal Reserve should focus attention on price signals and should provide a stabilizing price anchor for the current fiat money system. It also suggests that the Federal Reserve as the supplier of the dominant international reserve asset should recognize that when it tightens policy (thereby restricting the supply of international reserves), other central banks may well tighten, and when it eases, others may ease. In short, its policy moves can be magnified or made more potent because of these reactions. Additionally, the use of global reserves suggests the need for the services of an international lender of last resort (LOLR) for liquidity crisis situations i nvolving sharp increases in the demand for international reserves.14 Since the Federal Reserve is the ultimate supplier of this liquidity, these international LOLR responsibilities fall upon the Federal Reserve. ? The Dollarization of Emerging Market EconomiesAnother notable and related development relates to the dollarization the official and unofficial use of the dollar to displace domestic currency in several emerging market economies. A number of studies examining the extent of such dollarization suggest that it is substantial in a number of countries, especially those in Latin America as well as in Russia.15 Related evidence indicates that foreigners hold significant percentages (above 50 percent) of dollar notes in circulation.16 This widespread dollarization suggests that changes in U.S. monetary policy may have important impacts on the many users of dollars. Accordingly, there may be potential implications for Federal Reserve monetary policy. Since these effects of changes in Federal Reserve policy can be nontrivial, it may be desirable to consider them in policymaking deliberations. Implications The trends and developments outlined here can have some important implications. All of these factors the increased international integration of financial markets together with dollarization and the continued international currency role of the dollar suggest that changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy may have differing effects than revealed in earlier experience. With this more open economy and key role of the dollar, the transmission mechanism of U.S. monetary policy may have changed. In particular, various financial markets (e.g., foreign exchange, bonds, equities) may currently play a more significant role in transmitting changes in monetary policy. Changes in U.S. monetary policy may have more potent impacts on foreign countries than earlier was the case. And the global economy itself may experience different impacts of changes in Federal Reserve p olicy. Some Emerging Empirical Evidence A growing body of empirical evidence suggests that changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy can have significant impacts on foreign countries, on international financial variables, and, indeed, on the global economy. This evidence, however, is dispersed among varieties of research concerned with related, but differing topics; for example, empirical evidence on the Federal Reserves international effects has emerged from studies examining the determinants of capital flows in emerging markets, the causes of recent banking and currency crises, and the choice of exchange rate regimes. The evidence is not centralized in readily accessible literature, in part because there are multiple channels through which changes in U.S. monetary policy can have its foreign impact. The form of this impact, moreover, depends in part on the existing exchange rate regime. This diverse literature relating to the international dimension of changes in Federal Reserve policy is organized into three categories and briefly surveyed as follows: ? Studies examining the determinants of capital flows. ============================================================ Medicine: Essay Recently, a number of studies have analyzed the determinants of sensitive capital flows to emerging market economies. Initially, researchers focused on the performance and differing characteristics of individual countries in explaining these capital flows; however, they soon noticed that capital flows tended to affect many emerging economies at the same time, despite their differing characteristics. In short, common (international) factors appeared to be important determinants of these movements. More specifically, investigators found that factors external to these emerging market economies such as international interest rate movements in large industrialized economies and financial centers such as the U.S. played a significant role in explaining these capital flows. In particular, changes in U.S. monetary policy tended to be associated with changes in financial (money, bond, and equity) markets in several emerging market economies. This was aptly stated by Calvo, et al. (1996): Th e tightening of monetary policy in the U.S. and the resulting rise in interest rates in early 1994 made investment in Asia and Latin America relatively less attractive? higher interest rates quickly and markedly affected developing country debt prices. Indeed, the rise in U.S. rates also triggered market corrections in several emerging stock markets. It seems likely that with highly integrated and technologically sophisticated financial markets, changes in relative rates of return will quickly translate into cross-border capital flows.17 Similarly, Goldstein and Turner (1996) argued that: ?empirical evidence suggests that movements in international interest rates can explain between one-half and two-thirds of the swings in private capital inflows to developing countries in the 1990s. Studies reaching conclusions consistent with these arguments include: Calvo et al. (1993), Dooley et al. (1994), Chuhan et al. (1993), Goldstein (1995), Fernandez-Arias (1994), Eichengreen (1991), and E ichengreen and Fishlow (1996).19 In short, this literature establishes that changes in external (or global) factors such as movements in the interest rates of leading industrial countries like the U.S. significantly influence emerging market financial markets and can be dominant determinants of capital flows to these emerging economies (especially in Latin America). ? Studies Examining the Causes of Recent International Financial or Banking CrisesA number of studies have examined the factors causing recent international financial or banking crises. While these studies identify multiple factors contributing to these crises, the literature does find that many banking crises in developing economies are associated with prior increases in the interest rates of key developed economies such as the U.S. Eichengreen and Rose (1998), for example, note that: Our central finding is a large, highly significant correlation between changes in industrial-country (including U.S.) interest rates and banking crises in emerging markets? Northern interest rates rise sharply and significantly (relative to their level in non-crisis control group cases) in the year preceding the onset of banking crises, before peaking in the crisis year and the year following. This result? points strongly to the role played by external financial conditions and in particular to the effect of rising interest rates in worsening the access of developing-country banking systems to offshore funds? Our finding of an important role for world interest rates in the onset of banking crises reinforces the conclusions of (others)? for increases in world interest rates to precipitate banking problems.20 Others have come to similar conclusions. Frankel and Rose (1996) find that increases in developed country (including U.S.) interest rates significantly enhance the likelihood of a currency crash in developing countries; increases in foreign (e.g., U.S.) interest rates play a meaningful role in predicting currency problems.21 Kaminsky and Reinhart (1996) suggest that external factors such as increases in interest rates in the U.S. may play an important role in explaining the prevalence of banking and balance of payment crises.22 Results consistent with this argument were attained by Chang and Velasco (1998). These authors contend that the 1997-98 crises in Asia were in fact a consequence of international illiquidity which could in turn be partly rectified by the liquidity provision of an international lender-of-last resort.23 In addition to evidence on the effects of changes in U.S. interest rates on recent international financial crises, evidence also exists as to the causal effects of changes in the foreign exchange value of the dollar on such crises.24 While several authors mention the role of dollar movements as contributing factors in the recent Asian financial crisis, Whitt (1999) provides convincing evidence that dollar appreciation prior to the recent Asian financial turbulence was a significant contributing factor to this crisis.25 Specifically, several key emerging economies in Asia tied their currencies to the dollar, yet maintained significant trading relationships with Japan. Consequently, a significant appreciation of the dollar relative to the yen impelled these countries to follow the dollar (and U.S. monetary policy), thereby causing their currencies to appreciate against the yen. Consequently, their trade positions with Japan were severely effected just before the currency attacks began, thereby significantly contributing to the financial crises in Asia.26 ? Other Evidence Evidence on the impact of changes in U.S. monetary policy on foreign (international) interest rates recently has emerged from research related to the choice of exchange rate regime literature. In considering alternative exchange rate regimes available to emerging market countries, for example, Frankel and others have examined the interest rate responses in emerging countries to chang es in U.S. (Federal Reserve) interest rates.27 Frankel finds that when the Federal Reserve raises interest rates, these increases are quickly and entirely passed through to those emerging market economies with exchange rates rigidly tied to the dollar. Such exchange rate regimes require the emerging economy to follow the same monetary policy as the U.S. regardless of its appropriateness to local economic conditions. The situation is even more dramatic, Frankel finds, for emerging market economies that maintained a loose link to the dollar (such as Brazil or Mexico). In these cases, a Federal Reserve interest rate hike induces local interest rates to increase by more than those in the U.S.; these emerging market rates turn out to be more sensitive to U.S. policy moves and rise by more than one-for-one.28 (Similar results are found by Hausmann et al., and Frankel and Okongwu.) Frankel argues that the reason for this surprising result is that the U.S. interest rate increase has a large negative effect on capital flows and international investors are nervous about the loose exchange rate link, requiring an extra risk premium for devaluation and default risk as well as for the lack of credibility on the part of macroeconomic policymakers. In short, this evidence indicates that changes in U.S. monetary policy can have potent impacts on the interest rates in emerging market economies under different exchange rate regimes. The evidence suggests that as international financial markets become more integrated, interest rates in emerging economies may become increasingly sensitive to changes in the interest rates of large developed countries. The empirical evidence briefly outlined here indicates that changes in U.S. monetary policy importantly affect financial markets in emerging markets in a number of ways. These changes may dominate capital flows in emerging market economies and U.S. rate hikes have been associated with banking or financial crises in these developing e conomies. Further, movements in U.S. interest rates may have potent effects on interest rates in emerging markets under differing exchange rate regimes. ? Anecdotal Evidence: The Interest Rate Cuts in the Fall of 1998 In addition to this growing collection of formal empirical evidence, anecdotal evidence is also relevant. In particular, assessments of the three Federal Reserve interest rate cuts in the fall of 1998 led several analysts and Fed watchers to conclude that international factors may have weighed heavily in precipitating this Federal Reserve action. These interest rate cuts, it will be remembered, took place in the context of international financial market turbulence associated with the Russian devaluation and debt moratorium in mid-August 1998. It was during this period that the Federal Reserve cut interest rates and took to monitoring risk and liquidity spreads after world financial markets threatened to seize up following the Russian problems. The official rationale fo r these rate cuts was always framed in terms of their effects on the U.S. economy. Nevertheless, FOMC minutes indicated the moves were undertaken in light of the effects of the prevailing global (international) turmoil including its impact on the liquidity of financial markets. In assessing the episode, various economists, Fed watchers, and market observers generally concurred with the need for Federal Reserve action. Their interpretations of this action, however, often more explicitly recognized the international dimension of the Federal Reserve policy moves and of the Federal Reserves implicit assumption of important international lender-of-last-resort responsibilities (associated with the dollars reserve currency status). One well-known market observer, Allen Sinai, for example, argued that: The Greenspan Federal Reserve appears to have shifted regime, operating with a new policy framework that takes the world economy and financial system into account, viewing the U.S. as one com ponent in this system.30Another market observer remarked: The Fed Chairman understood that he had to act quickly to convince markets the U.S. central bank was ready to assist the world economy in crisis.31Similarly, in remarks to the American Economic Association in January 1999, the IMFs Stanley Fischer stated that: ?in recent months the leading central banks, in recognition of the feedbacks between the emerging market and the industrialized economies, have taken actions in the interests of their own countries that stabilize the world economy.32 In short, in taking this action, the Federal Reserve indicated it is capable of taking international, global factors into account and, indeed, providing important international lender-of-last-resort services, thereby serving to calm skittish world financial markets in situations of sharp increases in demand for international liquidity.33 This is another manifestation of the international dimensions of Federal Reserve policy, which is someti mes not explicitly recognized. Summary Federal Reserve monetary policy has traditionally focused on the domestic economy. Over time, however, a number of significant trends have underscored the potential importance of the international dimension of contemporary monetary policy. Such trends include the following: ? Financial markets continue to become increasingly integrated internationally; capital is evermore mobile. ? The U.S. dollar continues to remain the worlds principal international (key, reserve, and vehicle) currency despite evolving exchange rate arrangements. ? Official and unofficial dollarization continues in several emerging market economies. These trends suggest that monetary policy may have differing transmission mechanisms increasingly involving international variables than was earlier the case. In addition to these trends, empirical evidence recently has accumulated showing that changes in U.S. monetary policy can significantly impact emerging market economies in a number of ways. For example, changes in U.S. monetary policy can (1) dominate capital flows in emerging market economies, (2) be associated with financial crises in these countries, and (3) significantly impact interest rates and financial markets in emerging economies under differing exchange rate arrangements. Furthermore, experience shows that the Federal Reserve can successfully assume international lender-of-last-resort responsibilities and stabilize world financial markets in situations of international liquidity crises. Implications for U.S. Monetary Policy Several important implications for U.S. monetary policy emerge from these trends and growing empirical evidence. They include the following: ? Given capital mobility and the practical reality that political pressures will dictate a preference for domestic monetary policy goals, the policy trilemma for the U.S. boils down to flexible exchange rate arrangements and a price stability objective for monetary policy. ? The Fede ral Reserve cannot deviate from or lose sight of its price stability goal, and the Federal Reserve should not sacrifice domestic for other goals. Nonetheless, it may be desirable to recognize the significant, increasingly important international repercussions of changes in U.S. monetary policy in order to better achieve these domestic goals. Recognizing these repercussions and their potentially important feedback effects suggest that changes in U.S. monetary policy may be more potent and wide-ranging than earlier believed. Consequently, to best achieve domestic goals in a nondisruptive manner, the degree or speed of policy moves may need to be adjusted accordingly. If these increasingly important repercussions and their potential feedback effects (e.g. changes in exports, import prices, or capital flows) can be identified, anticipated, and taken into account, their effects potentially may be offset, resulting in smoother transitions for the domestic economy and for financial markets . By taking these effects into account, implementation of policy changes can result in a less volatile, less costly, less disruptive outcome. Policy implementation may be improved. In short, informal inflation targeting by the Federal Reserve may be implemented in a way that recognizes international concerns. ? Recognizing these growing international impacts of changes in monetary policy suggests that in order for the Federal Reserve to best achieve its goals, policy changes may need to be undertaken in a well-telegraphed, gradual, deliberate manner so that no policy surprises or unanticipated repercussions occur, disrupting international and domestic markets. In short, to promote stability, the Federal Reserve may be well advised whenever possible to avoid sharp, rapid, and unexpected policy changes. ? The Federal Reserve should increasingly recognize international LOLR responsibilities and be prepared to respond to international liquidity crises.34 ? These international factors ma y best be taken into account by maintaining a stable price environment and carefully, jointly monitoring forward-looking market prices such as various bilateral and broad trade-weighted measures of the dollar exchange rate, commodity prices, and bond yields as policy indicators. These market price indicators may in turn be supplemented by various measures of global prices, world commodity prices, and global bond yields to gain information about prospective global price movements, global price expectations, and world liquidity.35Dr. Robert E. KeleherChief Macroeconomist to the Vice Chairman Endnotes 1. For a discussion of these responsibilities, see Robert E. Keleher, An International Lender of Last Resort, the IMF, and the Federal Reserve, Joint Economic Committee, February 1999. 2. The word integration denotes the bringing together of parts into a whole. The more integrated markets are, the more they behave as a unified whole, rather than segmented parts. Financial market integrati on increases the degree of interdependence among financial markets and such integration is alternatively defined as (1) the extent to which markets are connected, (2) the degree of responsiveness and sensitivity to foreign disturbances, or (3) the degree of openness. 3. See, for example, Maurice Obstfeld, The Global Capital Market: Benefactor of Menace?, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 12, Number 4, Fall 1998, pp.9-30; Maurice Obstfeld and Alan M. Taylor, The Great Depression as a Watershed: International Capital Mobility over the Long Run, in The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century, Edited by Michael D. Bordo, Claudia Goldin, and Eugene N. White, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1998, pp.353-402. 4. See Barry Eichengreen, Toward A New International Financial Architecture, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC, 1999, pp.2-3. 5. See, for example, Eichengreen, op. cit., p.3 6. Obstfeld, (1998) op. cit., p p.14-5. 7. These might take the form of currency boards or dollarization regimes. 8. Obstfeld, 1998, op. cit., p.18. 9. For an alternative perspective, see Jeffrey Frankel, No Single Currency Regime is Right for All Countries of at All Times, NBER Working Paper 7338, September 1999. 10. Inflation targeting in and of itself does not have to be exclusively inward looking in the U.S., but instead can be implemented in a way that recognizes international concerns (see below). 11. See, for example, Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1996, p.195. 12. R.A. Mundell, The Future of the Exchange Rate System, paper prepared for the Rocca di Salimbeni Conference, Monte dei Paschi di Siene, Siena, Italy, November 24, 1994, p.12 (parentheses added). 13. See Ronald McKinnon, Mundell, the Euro, and the World Dollar Standard, paper prepared for presentation at the American Economic Association, January 8, 2000, pp.8-10, and Philipp Hartmann, Currency Compet ition and Foreign Exchange Markets: The Dollar, the Yen, and the Euro, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 35-39, especially Chapter 2. 14. See Robert E. Keleher, An International Lender of Last Resort, the IMF, and the Federal Reserve Joint Economic Committee, February, 1999. 15. See Kurt Schuler, Basics of Dollarization, JEC Staff Report, July 1999. 16. See, for example, Richard D. Porter and Ruth A. Judson, The Location of U.S. Currency: How much is Abroad? Federal Reserve Bulletin, October 1996, pp.883-903. 17. Guillermo Calvo, Leonard Leiderman, and Carmen Reinhart, Inflows of Capital to Developing Countries in the 1990s, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 10, Number 2, Spring 1996, p. 126. 18. Morris Goldstein and Philip Turner, Banking Crises in Emerging Economies: Origins and Policy Options, B.I.S. Economic Papers No. 46, October 1996, p. 10. 19. Guillermo Calvo, Leonard Leiderman, and Carmen Reinhart, Capital Inflows and Real Exchange Rate Appreciation in Latin America, IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 40, No. 1, March 1993, pp. 108-151; Michael Dooley, Eduardo Fernandez-Arias, and Kenneth Kletzer, Recent Private Capital Flows to Developing Countries: Is the Debt Crisis History?, NBER Working Paper, No. 4792, July 1994; Punam Chuhan, Stijn Claessens, and Nlandu Mamingi, Equity and Bond Flows to Asia and Latin America: The Role of Global and Country Factors, Policy Research Working Papers, International Economics Department, World Bank, WPS 1160, July 1993; Morris Goldstein, Coping With Too Much of a Good Thing, Policy Research Working Paper 1597, International Economics Department, The World Bank, September 1995; Eduardo Fernandez-Arias, The New Wave of Private Capital Inflows: Push or Pull? Policy Research Working Paper 1312, The World Bank, November 1994.; Barry Eichengreen, Trends and Cycles in Foreign Lending, in Horst Siebert (ed.), Capital Flows in the World Economy, Tubingen; Mohr, 1991, pp. 3-28; Barry Eichengreen and Albert Fishlow, Contending With Capital Flows: What is Different About the 1990s? A Council on Foreign Relations Paper, 1996. 20. Barry Eichengreen and Andrew K. Rose, Staying Afloat When the Wind Shifts: External Factors and Emerging-Markets Banking Crises, NBER Working Paper 6370, January 1998, pp. 5, 6 (parentheses added). 21. Jeffrey A. Frankel and Andrew K. Rose, Currency Crashes in Emerging Markets: An Empirical Treatment, Journal of International Economics, 41, Nos. 3/4, November 1996, pp. 351-366. 22. Graciela L. Kaminsky and Carmen M. Reinhart, The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance Payments Problems, International Finance Discussion Papers, Federal Reserve Board, 1996-554, p. 8. 23. Roberto Chang and Andres Velasco, The Asian Liquidity Crisis, NBER Working Paper 6796, November 1998 (quoted from abstract). 24. Changes in the foreign exchange value of the dollar can importantly reflect changes in U.S. monetary policy. 25. See Joseph Whitt, The Role of External Shocks in the Asia n Financial Crisis, Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Second Quarter 1999, pp. 18-31, and studies cited therein (p. 24). 26. See also Ronald I. McKinnon, Euroland and East Asia in a Dollar-Based System, The International Economy, September/October 1999, p. 45, 67. 27. See Jeffrey A. Frankel, No Single Currency Regime is Right for All Countries, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, May 21, 1999(a); Jeffrey A. Frankel, No Single Currency Regime is Right for All Countries or at All Times, NBER Working Paper 7338, September 1991(b); Jeffrey A. Frankel and Chudozie Okongwu, Liberalized Portfolio Capital Inflows in Emerging Markets: Sterilization, Expectations, and the Incompleteness of Interest Rate Convergence, International Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 1996, pp. 1-23; and Ricardo Hausmann, Michael Gavin, Carmen Pages-S erra, and Ernesto Stein, Financial Turmoil and the Choice of Exchange Rate Regime, Inter-American Development Bank, Office of Chief Economist, Working Paper #400, 1999. The discussion here follows Frankel 1999(a). 28. See Frankel 1999(a), pp. 7-8; and Frankel 1999 (b), p. 22. 29. See, for example, Minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee, Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 1999, p. 45. 30. Sinai was quoted in Gerald Baker, Man of the Year Alan Greenspan: Guardian Angel of the Financial Markets, Financial Times, December 24, 1998, p. 9. 31. Baker, ibid. 32. Stanley Fischer, On the Need for an International Lender of Last Resort, paper prepared for delivery at the American Economic Association, New York, January 3, 1999. 33. It should be noted that key market price indicators (i.e., commodity prices, bond yields, and the foreign exchange value of the dollar) were signaling the Federal Reserve to ease at the time and broad measures of price inflation were benign. 34. For a discussio n of these responsibilities and ways to implement them, see Keleher op. cit., p. 9. 35. See discussion in Keleher, op. cit., p.9. Return Home Economics Essays

Quantitative Methods and Analysis

Abstract This research report discusses about the impact of age, department, tenure, gender and position on the samples drawn. The gender disparity and its impact on the job satisfaction, how male and female get satisfied with their job. This particular issue was deemed relevant due to its depth and impact on virtually all aspects of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative Methods and Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction A survey was conducted to determine the influence of gender, position, age, department and tenure on job satisfaction. The survey consisted of similar questions on job satisfaction with response options. The participant answered by selecting a value on a seven-point scale. The answers are marked and merged, through a excel, into a personality profile which represents how strongly each of the basic desires features. This was handled anonymously. The results are presented in an easy to use graphics along with a comprehensive assessment report. The scales were formed by adding the values of the individual questions of the scales by giving equal weight to each question. All categorical items on workload and strain were transformed on a value range from 1 (least satisfied) to 7 (most satisfied). In this case, the questions had seven response options with value of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The scale value is computed as the simple average. Answer refusals or participants that answered less than half of the questions are considered missing. For the participants that answered at least half, the scale value was computed as the average of the answered questions. Chosen Variables The variables chosen were gender for qualitative variable and Extrinsic for your quantitative variable. Difference in variable types A qualitative variable sometimes-called predictor variable. It is varied and manipulated by a researcher. It is referred to as presumed cau se of an event.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It determines the value of other variables. It is manipulated to create an effect on other variable (Bhattacharya and Johnson, 1997).). Quantitative variables are the variables, which a researcher/experimenter measures after altering other variables which affect quantitative variable (Wierenga Bruggen, 1998). This case is sufficient to understand the significance of both the quantitative and qualitative variables in a quantitative research methodology. The values of qualitative variables are derived from quantitative variables which can be altered further by variation the values of quantitative variables(Healy, 2009). Qualitative variable is considered as presumed cause of an event where as a quantitative variable is considered as the presumed effect of an event. The major difference between an qualitative and a quantitative v ariable is that quantitative values of qualitative variable can be altered by changing the values of the qualitative variable. It means that the values of qualitative variable are constant while those of quantitative variables are prior to changes (Babbie, 2009). Descriptive statistics: Qualitative variable Gender Mean 1.361111111 Standard Error 0.057003815 Median 1 Mode 1 Standard Deviation 0.483693406 Sample Variance 0.233959311 Kurtosis -1.699079748 Skewness 0.590692951 Range 1 Minimum 1 Maximum 2 Sum 98 Count 72 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1.00 46 63.9 63.9 63.9 2.00 26 36.1 36.1 100.0 Total 72 100.0 100.0 Explanation of descriptive statistics From the table above, it could be suggested that the standard deviations are close to the mean value of the variable. The reason for using gender is that on two options either 1 of two. The standard deviations are 0.4837 on either side of the mean. Furthermor e, by observing the values of the variable collected 72 participants it could be concluded that the data is normally distributed as majority of the values lie within two standard deviations of the mean value. This is further proved by comparing the mean, median and mode values obtained in the table. The mode and mode are 1. Descriptive statistics: Quantitative variableAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative Methods and Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Extrinsic Mean 5.447222222 Standard Error 0.050659663 Median 5.6 Mode 5.7 Standard Deviation 0.429861498 Sample Variance 0.184780908 Kurtosis 1.424527887 Skewness -0.910864474 Range 2.2 Minimum 4.6 Maximum 6.8 Sum 392.2 Count 72 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 4.60 13 18.1 18.1 18.1 5.50 14 19.4 19.4 37.5 5.60 22 30.6 30.6 68.1 5.70 22 30.6 30.6 98.6 6.80 1 1.4 1.4 100.0 Total 72 100.0 100.0 Explanation of descriptive statistics Table above showed that statistical data derived using the excel program. Based on the statistical data, the mean was 5.45 with a standard deviation value of 0.4299. From this table, it could be inferred that mean, median and mode values are very close to each other, which is supportive of the normal distribution of data. The table presents an approximate normal distribution and showed homogeneity of variance. If these amounts were arranged on a graph, the frequency distribution would reflect the process variability. The values would be clustered close to the process average, but some of the values would vary somewhat from the mean. They too would have a distribution of values. Chart/Graph for qualitative variable Description of Chart Looking at the gender of the respondents it indicates that 26 were females and 46 were males this represents 36% and 64% of females and males respectively. Chart/Graph for quantitative variable Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Description of Chart The chart shows that 5.6 and 5.7 scales had 22 respondents each while 4.6 and 5.5 had 14 and 13 respectively, only one had 6.8 score. Explanation of standard deviation and variance Standard deviation is the variations from the mean while variance square of the standard deviations. The standard deviation shows that the data has a greatest deviation from the mean. What it means that the mean is widely dispersed that’s why it has a larger standard deviation. This reflects the averaging that occurs in computing the sample means: high and low values in samples tend to offset each other, resulting in less variability among sample means than among individuals’ values. Note that both distributions have the same mean; the mean of the sampling distribution is exactly equal to the mean of the process. Finally, note that the sampling distribution is normal distribution, even if the process distribution isn’t normal. The central limit theorem provides th e basis for the assumption that the sampling distribution will be normal or at least approximately normal, even if the population is not. The normal distribution can be used to help judge whether a process is performing adequately. If the output reflects only random variability, one would conclude that the process is stable. However, if there were evidence of nonrandom variability, one would conclude that the process is unstable. Importance of charts and graphs In a charts and graph shows how the variable are distributed. They are pictorial representation of the results of the company. The finding through the diagram is further reinforced by the value of the tables between the variables under consideration. Conclusion From the results analysis above, it can be concluded most people interviewed are satisfied. The present study also dissuades any conception about the differences between male and female in job satisfaction. The study treats both genders at par. However, there are tradi tional arguments suggesting that males tend to be more aggressive and dominating, and demanding as well as have stakes in major decision-making processes. Whereas, females behave in a submissive manner and do not have bargaining power comparing to male counterparts. These are not considered and invalidated as out of scope for this particular study. References Babbie, E. R. (2009). The basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Bhattacharya, G., Johnson, R. (1997). Statistical Concepts and Methods. New York: John Wley Sons. Healy, J. F. (2009). Statics: A Tool for Social Research. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Wierenga, B., Bruggen, G. V. (1998). The Dependent Variable In Research Into Effects of Creativity Support System: Quality and Quantity of Ideas. M I S Quarterly , 81-87. This essay on Quantitative Methods and Analysis was written and submitted by user Charlie Wolfe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Understanding Mental Health Illness The WritePass Journal

Understanding Mental Health Illness Introduction Understanding Mental Health Illness ) was one study that specifically focused on the effects of a variety of environmental factors on schizophrenia among subjects with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. The study found that maternal mental illness was the most significant childhood adversity (44.6%) while disruption in the family setting was identified as the next significant childhood adversity (40.0%). Cannabis smoking was also identified as an important risk factor at 24.5%. Overall the study reported significant association between these cumulative risk factors and the onset of schizophrenia. Galletly et.al (2011) also contributed with the findings that childhood exposure to familial adversities and cannabis smoking carry a high risk for psychosis.     In our case study it is important to notice that Mr. John has experienced some of these childhood adversities that carry a high risk factor for schizophrenia. John’s parents separated 12 years ago when John was just a young 7 year old boy.   The disruption in the family setting and consequently the rearing environment must have caused significant stress for John. Compounding this stress is the fact that John has witnessed violent attacks on his mother by his father and even now continues to witness heated arguments between his mother and his elder sister. It transpires that the cumulative effect of these multiple environmental stressors might have triggered the onset of schizophrenia symptoms in John who has just completed puberty, which is a vulnerable stage as discussed in the previous sections. Treatment for Schizophrenia Pharmaceutical treatment Effective diagnosis constitutes the first step in the treatment of schizophrenia. Though pharmaceutical therapy is available in the treatment of schizophrenia, currently they do not promise a cure for the disorder but help a lot in alleviating the psychotic symptoms.  Ã‚   Antipsychotic drugs are the main pharmaceutical intervention used in the treatment of schizophrenia.   Thorazine, Haldol and Prolixin are some of the earlier antipsychotic medicines used in treating schizophrenia. However, these drugs had adverse effects including tremors, and cognitive dulling for instances (University of Maryland, 2013). Over the last two decades another class of antipsychotics with limited side effects such as Risperdol, Zyprexa are used particularly in the treatment of the acute phase of schizophrenia when the symptoms flare up (Harvard Medical School 2006).  Ã‚   More recently however, a new class of antipsychotics namely injectable long acting antipsychotics are available.   These dru gs are particularly effective among schizophrenia patients who are not medically compliant (Manchanda et.al, 2013). The key to effective management of schizophrenia is to adhere to the treatment plan. It must be noted, however, that though antipsychotic medications are effective against psychotic symptoms they are not useful in the treatment of the so called negative symptoms of schizophrenia.   Other forms of therapies, such as psychotherapy should be utilized. One of the important psychotherapies is cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Cognitive-Behavioural therapy Early intervention using both pharmaceutical as well as behavioural therapies provides the optimum treatment plan for schizophrenia patients. Since providing optimal intervention at the earliest is considered the best for achieving better outcome, it is necessary to include concomitant behavioural therapies. Several studies have proven the efficacy of CBT in the management of the symptoms of schizophrenia (University of Maryland, 2013).   Coupled with family therapy, CBT is found to be very effective in the management of schizophrenia. The underlying idea in cognitive therapy is to change the thoughts and then the behaviour of the patient.   CBT focuses on normalizing the psychotic experience of the patient (Turkington et.al, 2006). CBT provides an action plan for the patient so the next time symptoms appear they are better able to manage them (Turkington et.al, 2006). In the context of the present case study CBT offers an excellent therapy as it is known that CBT is more effecti ve in early stages of psychosis. One significant advantage of CBT is that it has no known side effects (Addington Lecomte, 2012). Diagnosis and management of schizophrenia is very important since suicide presents as a prominent risk for schizophrenia patients.   Palmer et.al (2005)   pointed out close to 5% risk for suicide among schizophrenia patients. Erlangsen (2012) was a recent study that reported a heightened risk for suicide among elderly schizophrenia patients. CBT is a very effective therapeutic tool in aiding self monitoring of thoughts and in developing coping strategies among schizophrenia patients.   As such, John must be provided with CBT. Schizophrenia Support Services Despite the significant improvements in our understanding of the cause of mental illnesses there is very little improvement in terms of the quality of services offered to schizophrenia patients and their families (Schizophrenia Commission, 2012).   In the UK, the recent report by the schizophrenia commission confirms this dismal picture.   The report highlighted that there is only â€Å"a broken and demoralized system that does not deliver the quality of treatment needed for recovery† (Kelland, 2012).   There have been funding cuts for early intervention services despite the fact that research evidence point to the effectiveness of these programs in preventing relapse of psychotic episodes and in improving the overall outcome for the patient.   Another highlight of the report is the poor plight of the psychiatric wards and the lack of treatment plan. It is reported that only 1 in 10 patients are provided with CBT and other forms of beneficial psychological intervention s while in the majority of cases drugs are the only treatment.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Some wards are so anti-therapeutic that when people relapse and are in need of a period of care and respite, they are unwilling to be admitted voluntarily; so compulsion rates rise.†(Kelland, 2012)  Ã‚   There is also a distinct lack of employment support services with only 8% of schizophrenia patients still working. There is also widespread stigma associated with schizophrenia and other mental illnesses which causes additional burden on the caregivers. There is also increasing coercion in the UK with patients being forced into secure care. As Robin Murray, a psychiatric professor with the British institute of psychiatry puts it, If you develop psychosis and your mind is disturbed and you think people are against you, youd want to be admitted for a period of care and respite and calm and some gentle pharmacological and psychological treatments.   But in fact that doesnt happen. Here, you get admitte d to a mad house. And some of these places are very anti-therapeutic not only for patients but also for staff. No sensible person would want to be admitted to one of these places. (Kelland, 2012). However many private charities and voluntary groups have emerged across Britain that offer useful service to the patient and the carer. For instance, ‘Carers trust’ is a charity group operating across the UK that provides useful respite services for schizophrenia carers and thereby reduces their burden and carer burnout. Similarly the government led ‘meals on wheels’ scheme would be very useful for carers of patients who live alone to ensure that their loved ones are served with hot meals every day.   The government also provides the ‘Independent living fund’ (ILF) that could be utilized to pay for personal assistants to help the schizophrenia patients in managing their day to day tasks (NHS, 2012). Conclusion Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating mental disorder that impairs social functioning and the autonomy of the patient. As yet, the aetiology remains rather obscure with a myriad of contributing symptoms making diagnosis a lot complicated. Since schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder carrying an array of symptoms, an interdisciplinary approach including research based on both biological and behavioural models is necessary to gain valuable insights into its aetiology. Early adulthood is a particularly vulnerable phase with the onset of symptoms.   In view of the symptoms and the risk factors that were discussed in the paper it is clear that Mr John, the 19 year old young adult, is clearly experiencing the various symptoms of schizophrenia. Early parental separation, witnessing family violence, smoking cannabis are all high risk factors. These environmental factors are the triggers for the onset of schizophrenia symptoms. It is clear that in majority of the cases, such as John’s, there is an undue delay in the diagnosis as there is hesitance in approaching a psychiatrist due to the stigma associated with mental illnesses.   Interventions during this early phase of the disorder are critical and offer the best opportunity for delivering optimal care. In John’s case, immediate consultation with the psychiatrist followed by adherence to medication along with psychological therapies like CBT should ensure control of the psychotic symptoms. This would enable John to continue his life with minimal hindrance. The main point is the emphasis that though schizophrenia and some other forms of mental illnesses do not have a cure as of yet, they could be effectively managed with drugs and other behavioural therapies that would drastically improve the quality of life for the patient. Another important and largely ignored fact is that deinstitutionalisation of mental health care also implies a growing burden on the family members as caregivers. Caregiver burden should also be the focus of mental health policies. Respite services must be improved. There is also a need to increase awareness to destigmatise schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Stigma effectively prevents the utilisation of support services. Much work needs to be done. References Addington J, Lecomte T., 2012. Cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia, F1000 Med Rep   4:6. APA., 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th Edition, Paperback. Arendt M, Rosenberg R, Foldager L, Perto G, 2005. Cannabis- induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: followup study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry 187, 510-515. Blakemore S, Burnett S, Dahl R., 2010.   The role of puberty in the developing adolescent brain, Human Brain Mapping, 31(6) 926-933. Bruer J., 1999. Neural connections: Some You Use, Some You Loose, [online] Available at: oecd.org/edu/ceri/31709587.pdf [Accessed Nov 25th 2013] Daniel J, Roman K, Lin T, Evelyn J , 2010. Cannabis use and the course of schizophrenia: 10 year followup after first hospitalization. The American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 167, no 8. Erlangsen A,  Eaton WW,  Mortensen PB,  Conwell Y., 2012. Schizophrenia –a predictor of suicide during the second half of life? 134(2-3):111-7. Faludi G, Mirnics K., 2011. Synaptic changes in the brain of subjects with schizophrenia.  International Journal of   Developmental Neuroscience.  29:305–9 Feinberg I., 1983. Schizophrenia: Caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence.  J Psychiatr Res.  ;17:319–34. Galletly C, Van Hooff M, McFarlane A., 2011.Psychotic symptoms in young adults exposed to childhood trauma- a 20 year follow-up study.  Schizophr Res.;127:76–82. Harvard Medical School., 2006. Drug treatment of schizophrenia, [online] Available at: health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/update0205a.shtml [Accessed Nov 23rd 2013] Johns A., 2001. Psychiatric effects of cannabis, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178:116-122. Kelland K, Britain condemned for mad house treatment of schizophrenia patients, [online] Available at: reuters.com/article/2012/11/14/schizophrenia-britain-care-idUSL5E8MCDDY20121114 [Accessed Nov 23rd 2013] Kinney D, Hintz K, Shearer E, Barch D, Riffin C, Whitley K and Butler R ., 2009. A unifying hypothesis of schizophrenia : Abnormal immune system development may help explain roles of prenatal hazards, post pubertal onset , stress, genes, climate , infections and brain dysfunction, Medical Hypothesis , [online] Available at: http://ccpweb.wustl.edu/pdfs/medhyp09.pdf [Accessed Nov 23rd 2013] Manchanda R,  Chue P,  Malla A,  Tibbo P,  Roy MA,  Williams R,  Iyer S,  Lutgens D,  Banks N., 2013. Long acting injectable antipsychotics : evidence of effectiveness and use, Can J Psychiatry.  58(5 Suppl 1):5S-13S. NAMI., 2013. Mental Illnesses, [online] Available at: nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness [Accessed Nov 22nd 2013] NHS ., 2012. Support services, [online]Available at:   nhs.uk/CarersDirect/guide/practicalsupport/Pages/Supportservices.aspx [Accessed Nov 23rd 2013] NIH ,. 2011. The Teen brain: Still under construction, [online] Available at: nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-teen-brain-still-under-construction/index.shtml [Accessed Nov 25th 2013] NIH., 2013. What is Schizophrenia, [online] Available at: nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml [Accessed Nov 23rd 2013] Paolicelli RC, Bolasco G, Pagani F, et al., 2011. Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development. Science.  333:1456–8 Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM., 2005. The lifetime risk of suicide  in schizophrenia: a reexamination.  Arch Gen Psychiatry.62(3):247–253. Phillips L , McGorry P, Franz CP, Yung A., 2005.   The British Journal of Psychiatry, 187: 33-44. Schizophrenia Commission., 2012. The Abandoned illness : A report by schizophrenia commission, [online] Available at: rethink.org/media/514093/TSC_main_report_14_nov.pdf [Accessed Nov 25th 2013] Turkington D, Dudley R, Warman D, Beck A., 2006. Cognitive behavioural therapy for Schizophrenia: A Review, Focus, vol 4 , no 2 223-233. University of Maryland,. 2013. Schizophrenia, [online] Available at: http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/schizophrenia [Accessed Nov 25th 2013] WHO., 2013. Mental Health Action Plan,   [online] Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/89966/1/9789241506021_eng.pdf [Accessed Nov 22nd 2013] WHO., 2013. Schizophrenia, [online]   Available at: who.int/mental_health/management/schizophrenia/en/ [Accessed Nov 23rd 2013] WHO., 2004. Prevalence, Severity and Unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World mental Health Surveys, JAMA, 291(21):2581-2590

Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Dance - Essay Example It is followed by stretching exercises that prepare the body for the intense movements. The third part involves isolation exercises. At this stage, the dancers are taught how to move different parts of their bodies separately. This stage is particularly important as a lesson on creativity because it enables the dancer to master their movements before dancing with others. Creativity involves the use of imagination made possible by understanding oneself first. The last step is a routine where parts of the choreography are taught and then put together to form a short routine that is accompanied by music and dance. The creativity process involves collaboration where ideas are shared and tested. The inventions inspired by hip hop have had a profound impact on pop music. All creative efforts have an impact on the people involved. It has influenced the attitudes of the youth around the world (Watkins, 2005). Hip hop is a very vigorous aapproach to dancing. One of the most common hip hop dancing styles is break dancing. It consists of acts conducted near the ground that are called downrock or while standing up. It requires a lot of personal space. Downrock involves the dancer spinning quickly on their head or hands. The creative aspect of this dance style is emphasized by the fact that it allows dancers to perform freely. It allows people to add their individual personalities to the dance. The other styles are popping, locking, Boogaloo, freestyle, electric boogie moves and social dance. Freestyle allows dancers to improvise individual dance moves. The genre started in the 1970s (Watkins 2005). The period followed a period of urban renewal and capital flight that resulted in a wide gap between the inner cities populated by black people and the suburbs populated by the more affluent whites (Watkins 2005). One of its inspirations was to contribute towards black empowerment. It was hoped that the energy, loyalty and passion that defined gang life could

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Taxation - Essay Example In implementing the principles of tax efficiency, it adheres to â€Å"fiscal neutrality† in the sense that the tax system is implemented such that â€Å"it does not interfere with the workings of the markets or the decisions of the households while minimising the disincentive effects† of government taxes on he level of economic activity. Subscribing to the perspective of the OECD that â€Å"an efficient tax system† is achieved via a mix of different taxes, the UK tax system combines various types of taxation to promote taxation efficiency (UK Parliament, 2011). Another important policy anchor on which the UK taxation system rests is fairness. According to the UK Parliament (2011), this means that â€Å"the burden of tax should reflect the ability to pay while incorporating principles of intergenerational equity.† A defensible way of interpreting the policy declaration is that the UK’s tax policy is governed by equity taxation which can be extended t o mean that taxation can be used to promote equity. The UK’s notion of equity, however, covers the promotion of social and intergenerational equity. This means that equity across social groups is promoted (without promoting disincentive to work and do business) as well as intergenerational equity. ... It is a standard notion in economics that horizontal equity means that those who earn the same should have equal burden of the tax while vertical equity means that those who earn more should share a higher burden of the tax: those with the same ability should pay the same tax and those with higher abilities should pay more taxes. The UK Parliament (2011) also emphasised that in promoting fairness in taxation requires that the UK government create policy measures that prevent tax avoidance and evasion. Finally, another important reason given by the UK Parliament on why the government of the UK imposes taxes is that people must get value for their money. This is interpreted to mean that the UK taxation is designed and people are taxed in a manner that compliance and collection costs are marshalled to a minimum (UK Parliament, 2011). In sum, based on the UK Parliament’s publication, the core principles of the UK government’s tax policy are sustainability, efficiency, fairn ess and value for money. The four principles provide the basis as well as the reasons on why a certain tax policy is adopted and the manner by which a tax policy is implemented. At the same time, the articulation of the four principles should not obscure a fundamental fact: the â€Å"main aim of the tax system† of the UK is to raise revenue (UK Parliament, 2011). The UK Parliament (2011) publication declared that if tax policy is used to support other objectives then it should be interpreted as an attempt by the tax system to produce the best value for money. With the ongoing global economic difficulties that are believed to have originated from the United States sub-prime crisis of 2008, UK’s taxation policies are also

Organizational Culture Essay Example for Free

Organizational Culture Essay Organizational culture is the sum total of the organization’s past and current assumptions, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together and are expressed in its self-image, inner workings, interactions with the outside world, and future expectations. It is based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, express or suggest contracts, written and unwritten rules that the organization develops over time and that have worked well enough to be considered valid. Culture is a very powerful force at the workplace, which is consciously and deliberately cultivated and is passed on to the incoming employees. It reflects the true nature and personality of an organization. Basically, organizational culture is the personality of the organization. Culture is comprised of the assumptions, values, norms and artifacts of organization members and their behaviors. Members of an organization will sense the particular culture of an organization soon. Culture is one of those terms that are difficult to express distinctly, but everyone knows it when he or she sense it. For example, the culture of a large profit corporation is quite different than that of a hospital which is quite different from that of a university. You can tell the culture of an organization by looking at the arrangement of furniture, from employees behavior, what members wear, and many more. Similar to what you can use to get a feeling about someones personality. Corporate culture can be looked at as a system. Inputs include feedback from, for e.g., society, professions, laws, stories, heroes, values on competition or service, and many more. The process is based on our assumptions, values and norms, e.g., our values on money, time, facilities, space and people. Outputs or effects of our culture are, e.g., organizational behaviors, technologies, strategies, image, products, services, appearance, and many more. The concept of culture is particularly important when attempting to manage organization-wide change. Practitioners are coming to realize that, despite the best-laid plans, organizational change includes not only changing structures and processes, but also the corporate culture. Theres been a great deal of literature generated over the past decade about the concept of organizational culture particularly in regard to learning how to change organizational culture. Organizational change efforts are said to fail the majority of the time. Usually, this failure is credited to lack of understanding about the strong role of culture and the role it plays in organizations. Thats one of the reasons that many strategic planners now place as much emphasis on identifying strategic values as they do mission and vision. To a lesser degree, an organizational structure can get in the way of, or support, the overall success of your projects. This is a lesser problem because, to a certain extent, you can change your organizational structure. In fact, you can change the organization chart frequently, and some companies do just that. Culture, on the other hand, is not easily changed. It can take years for a large organization to develop a culture of excellence. Some organizational structures can definitely impair your ability to deliver projects. First are those organizations whose project teams are doing to support work. If your project organization does support as well, it usually means that support issues will pop up and take the focus away from the project. A lot of multitasking and thrashing takes place as you move from support work to project work to support work. It’s usually very difficult to prepare good estimates and meet your scheduling commitments. You may be forced into this structure if your staff is small. For example, a company for instance, has 15 people who worked on support, projects, and enhancements. However, they didn’t have enough people to specialize in either support or project work. This made it difficult to meet all of the project commitments. Instead, employees had to do a good job of managing expectations. Organizational structure may also prevent the ability to share resources. For instance, if your project team needs a resource with a specific expertise, you may not be able to easily share that person with another functional area. Some of this is also related to your culture. Ask yourself whether a different organizational structure would help. If it would, you may have an organization problem. If it wouldnt help, your culture is probably not supportive of resource sharing. Creating positive culture in an organization is a competitive advantage. Organizations with a positive culture are proven to be more productive. Many organizations are implementing participative management. More recently, the concept of empowerment has added to participative management by encouraging employees to internalize their organizations culture and make independent decisions. Empowerment can be an integral element of organizational culture change. Good leaders and good followers are necessary for empowerment to be influential in developing an organization with a strong culture. Experts suggest managers with empowered people on their staff are more effective. They achieve more of their objectives and they achieve them more easily. Empowerment embodies the concepts of internal motivation, internal justification for decision making, shared responsibilities, and integration for problem solving. As employees mature in an organization, they gain more knowledge, internalize justification for the actions they take, and become more intrinsically motivated. Besides this internalization process, employees tend to take a more active role in intervening in the actions of newer employees and offering feedback regarding culture-consistent behaviors. Managers should recognize this model in their organizations and manage their employees accordingly. Reference Jeffrey Kerr. (1987). Managing corporate culture through reward systems. Academy of management Executive, 1(2), 99-108. Daft, R.L. (2008). Management. Canada: Nelson Education. Heithfield, Initials. (2006). culture enviorment. Retrieved from http://humanresources.about.com/od/organizationalculture Freeman, Initials. (2008). Environment ethics and business . 5-10. Schachter, Initials. (2005). The importance of understanding organizational culture. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FWE/is_6_9/ai_n1